Germinal

French author, journalist, dramatist, and founder of the naturalism literary movement, Zola also wrote plays. He played a significant role in both Alfred Dreyfus' exoneration and the political liberalisation of France. Dreyfus had been wrongfully charged and imprisoned as an army commander. In 1901 and 1902, Zola was a candidate for the Nobel Prize in Literature. Zola was born in Paris on April 2, 1840, to François Zola and Emilie Aubert. Before becoming a writer, he was a law student who twice failed the baccalaureate. In his formative years, Zola produced a large number of short stories, essays, plays, and novels. Hachette fired Zola from his position as director of the Paris Opera in 1864 after the release of his scandalous autobiographical book La Confession de Claude (1865), which attracted the attention of the authorities. Zola became a citizen of France in 1862. He met the seamstress Éléonore-Alexandrine Meley, also known as Gabrielle, in 1865, and she eventually became his mistress. On September 29, 1902, Francois Zola died from carbon monoxide poisoning brought on by a poorly ventilated chimney. At the time of his death, he was working on the sequel to his recently published book Vérité, which is about the Dreyfus trial.